Neurograf v1: An End-to-End Romanian-First Language Model Family
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Computer Science > Computation and Language
arXiv:2610.13134 (cs)
[Submitted on 9 Oct 2026]
Title:Neurograf v1: An End-to-End Romanian-First Language Model Family
Authors:Ionut Adrian Rotaru
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Abstract:We present Neurograf v1, an experimental end-to-end Romanian-first language-model pipeline developed to investigate the feasibility of training language models from scratch for a lower-resource European language. The pipeline comprises RoSfera, a 635 GB Romanian corpus containing 175.7 million documents; an 80k byte-level BPE tokenizer; five decoder-only models ranging from 160M to 6B parameters, trained on 131 billion tokens; three instruction-tuned assistants; and two contrastively trained embedding models. Training and evaluation were conducted using computing infrastructure at ELI-NP/IFIN-HH.
The model family exhibits consistent scaling of validation loss and increasing Romanian factual and cultural knowledge with model size. On the 1,000-question WWTBM benchmark, Neurograf-6B achieves 69.89% accuracy on Romanian-context questions, while Neurograf-3.2B reaches 67.38%. Compute-optimal analysis yields a parameter-scaling exponent of approximately 0.423.
Neurograf v1 serves as an experimental demonstrator rather than a production system. The study identifies practical challenges involving diacritic preservation, corpus quality, data composition, and tokenization efficiency, while demonstrating the feasibility of developing Romanian-first base models, instruction-following assistants, and semantic embedding models within a unified training pipeline.
| Subjects: | Computation and Language (cs.CL); Machine Learning (cs.LG) |
| Cite as: | arXiv:2610.13134 [cs.CL] |
| (or arXiv:2610.13134v1 [cs.CL] for this version) | |
| https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2610.13134
arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)
|
Submission history
From: Ionut Adrian Rotaru [view email][v1] Fri, 9 Oct 2026 07:28:03 UTC (3,912 KB)
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View a PDF of the paper titled Neurograf v1: An End-to-End Romanian-First Language Model Family, by Ionut Adrian Rotaru
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