Feeding BabyLMs Macaroni: Code-Switching Curricula Cause Cross-Lingual Convergence
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Computer Science > Computation and Language
arXiv:2609.30535 (cs)
[Submitted on 24 Sep 2026]
Title:Feeding BabyLMs Macaroni: Code-Switching Curricula Cause Cross-Lingual Convergence
View a PDF of the paper titled Feeding BabyLMs Macaroni: Code-Switching Curricula Cause Cross-Lingual Convergence, by Dries Rooryck and 4 other authors
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Abstract:Children in multilingual communities often code-switch, using multiple languages in a single utterance. Can we induce cross-lingual alignment in language models by training on code-switched text? We pretrain small decoder-only transformers on two 100M-word multilingual corpora: a base corpus formed by mixing the English, Dutch, and Chinese BabyBabelLM datasets, and a corpus generated from it by inserting word- and sentence-level code-switching using an LLM. We find that training on code-switched data aligns the representations of parallel text, particularly across different scripts, and that this alignment persists through training on monolingual documents. Under a learning curriculum that progresses from word-level code-switching, to sentence-level code-switching, to monolingual documents, models trained on code-switched data outperform baselines trained without it on the BabyLM evaluation suite. Our work characterizes code-switching curriculum learning as an effective data augmentation method for multilingual pretraining. We release our code, data, and models at this https URL.
| Comments: | 17 pages, 8 figures. Accepted to the BabyLM Workshop at EMNLP 2026 |
| Subjects: | Computation and Language (cs.CL) |
| Cite as: | arXiv:2609.30535 [cs.CL] |
| (or arXiv:2609.30535v1 [cs.CL] for this version) | |
| https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.30535
arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)
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View a PDF of the paper titled Feeding BabyLMs Macaroni: Code-Switching Curricula Cause Cross-Lingual Convergence, by Dries Rooryck and 4 other authors
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