When Vocabulary Comprehension Fails Clinical Reasoning: Evaluating Therapy Bots' Safety Risks for Generation Alpha
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Computer Science > Computation and Language
arXiv:2608.20345 (cs)
[Submitted on 14 Jun 2026]
Title:When Vocabulary Comprehension Fails Clinical Reasoning: Evaluating Therapy Bots' Safety Risks for Generation Alpha
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Abstract:Conversational AI systems have become informal mental health support resources for Generation Alpha (Gen Alpha, born 2010-2024), with 13.1% of U.S. adolescents (5.4 million) using generative AI for mental health advice. While these systems, from therapy apps to general chatbots, rely on large language models trained on extensive psychological literature, their safety for youth communication patterns characterized by hyperbolic language, ironic positivity, rapid semantic drift, and contextual polysemy remains unvalidated. Following multiple adolescent deaths linked to AI chatbot interactions, systematic evaluation is critical. We present two benchmarks: (1) 64 Gen Alpha mental health expressions validated by native speakers (ICC=0.72) and clinicians (kappa=0.78); (2) 75 multi-turn conversations (780 turns) with paired Standard/Gen Alpha versions. Across evaluations of LLM architectures underlying therapy apps and general chatbots - Claude, GPT-4o, Llama-3.1 - models understand 76-82% of vocabulary but correctly calibrate only 64-72% of clinical risk, creating a 10-14 percentage point (pp) vocabulary-comprehension gap (p<.001, d>0.48) absent in human therapists (3pp, p=.22). The gap is architecturally consistent and widens with ambiguity (7pp -> 18pp). We identify six failure patterns: sarcasm masking (29pp), minimization acceptance (43pp), informal style bias (24pp), risk-stratified ambiguity (19pp), semantic drift (19pp), context-dependent violence (7pp). Patterns compound; three or more yield 94% miss rates. Lightweight mitigations fail; only heavy scaffolding achieves human performance (6.4x cost). With 34% baseline miss rate yielding 146,880 estimated annual missed crises, we recommend mandatory human-in-the-loop architectures, quarterly youth-specific validation, transparent performance disclosure, and regulatory frameworks for youth-facing mental health AI.
| Comments: | 42 pages, 6 figures. Accepted at ACM FAccT '26 |
| Subjects: | Computation and Language (cs.CL); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Computers and Society (cs.CY) |
| ACM classes: | I.2.7; H.5.2; J.3 |
| Cite as: | arXiv:2608.20345 [cs.CL] |
| (or arXiv:2608.20345v1 [cs.CL] for this version) | |
| https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2608.20345
arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite
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| Related DOI: | https://doi.org/10.1145/3805689.3806522
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View a PDF of the paper titled When Vocabulary Comprehension Fails Clinical Reasoning: Evaluating Therapy Bots' Safety Risks for Generation Alpha, by Manisha Mehta and Virendra Mehta
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