QuranicMMLU: A Cognitively-Aware Benchmark for Evaluating Generative AI Solutions on Quranic Linguistic Knowledge
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Computer Science > Computation and Language
arXiv:2609.22038 (cs)
[Submitted on 18 Sep 2026]
Title:QuranicMMLU: A Cognitively-Aware Benchmark for Evaluating Generative AI Solutions on Quranic Linguistic Knowledge
Authors:Rawan El Ghali, Umm Kulsoom, Anas Madkoor, Dima Faris Alsaudi, Roaa Abdelmagid, Roaa Ibrahim, Raghad Mousa, Hamza Aljaji, Abdullah Khanafer, Abdallah Alkanani, Salah Feras Alali, Rawan Khaled Mohamed, Ehsaneddin Asgari
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Abstract:We introduce QuranicMMLU, a benchmark for evaluating generative AI on Quranic Arabic across multiple dimensions of linguistic complexity. Existing Quranic benchmarks center on general question answering and semantic retrieval, without probing specific linguistic competencies or stratifying by cognitive demand and verse difficulty. We construct a five-pillar Quranic taxonomy spanning Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, and Pragmatics, with 31 leaves covering phenomena from tajwīd and root-and-pattern morphology to occasions of revelation and inter-surah coherence. For each leaf we generate questions stratified by Bloom's cognitive level and verse perplexity, then have LLM as a judge to independently answer and score every item and route the annotations to manual review. The resulting dataset comprises 980 human-reviewed questions, each issued in both open-ended and multiple-choice form. We benchmark 12 systems on these items and find that the Islamic-specialized model leads, yet every system scores higher on multiple-choice accuracy (average 84%) than open-ended answer quality (average 60%): the two rankings agree closely (Kendall's {\tau}=0.73), but multiple-choice scoring hides failures that surface only once answer choices are removed. QuranicMMLU thus offers a rigorous, linguistically grounded framework for evaluating Arabic NLP in the Quranic domain.
| Subjects: | Computation and Language (cs.CL) |
| Cite as: | arXiv:2609.22038 [cs.CL] |
| (or arXiv:2609.22038v1 [cs.CL] for this version) | |
| https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.22038
arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)
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| Journal reference: | Arabic NLP 2026 |
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View a PDF of the paper titled QuranicMMLU: A Cognitively-Aware Benchmark for Evaluating Generative AI Solutions on Quranic Linguistic Knowledge, by Rawan El Ghali and 12 other authors
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