CHRONOBERG: Capturing Language Evolution and Temporal Awareness in Foundation Models
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Computer Science > Computation and Language
arXiv:2509.22360 (cs)
[Submitted on 26 Sep 2025 (v1), last revised 10 Sep 2026 (this version, v2)]
Title:CHRONOBERG: Capturing Language Evolution and Temporal Awareness in Foundation Models
Authors:Niharika Hegde, Subarnaduti Paul, Lars Joel-Frey, Manuel Brack, Kristian Kersting, Martin Mundt, Patrick Schramowski
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Abstract:Large language models (LLMs) excel at operating at scale by leveraging social media and various data crawled from the web. Whereas existing corpora are diverse, their frequent lack of long-term temporal structure may however limit an LLM's ability to contextualize semantic and normative evolution of language and to capture diachronic variation. To support analysis and training for the latter, we introduce CHRONOBERG, a temporally structured corpus of English book texts spanning 250 years, curated from Project Gutenberg and enriched with a variety of temporal annotations. First, the edited nature of books enables us to quantify lexical semantic change through time-sensitive Valence-Arousal-Dominance (VAD) analysis and to construct historically calibrated affective lexicons to support temporally grounded interpretation. With the lexicons at hand, we demonstrate a need for modern LLM-based tools to better situate their detection of discriminatory language and contextualization of sentiment across various time-periods. In fact, we show how language models trained sequentially on CHRONOBERG struggle to encode diachronic shifts in meaning, emphasizing the need for temporally aware training and evaluation pipelines, and positioning CHRONOBERG as a scalable resource for the study of linguistic change and temporal generalization. Disclaimer: This paper includes language and display of samples that could be offensive to readers. Open Access: Chronoberg is available publicly on HuggingFace at ( this https URL). Code is available at (this https URL).
| Subjects: | Computation and Language (cs.CL); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI) |
| Cite as: | arXiv:2509.22360 [cs.CL] |
| (or arXiv:2509.22360v2 [cs.CL] for this version) | |
| https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2509.22360
arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite
|
Submission history
From: Subarnaduti Paul [view email][v1] Fri, 26 Sep 2025 13:56:16 UTC (4,108 KB)
[v2] Thu, 10 Sep 2026 09:49:02 UTC (598 KB)
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